Vol.479.1 纪念加德纳 | 专题导言
纪念加德纳 专题导言
约翰·加德纳（John Gardner），1965-2019
编者按
2019年7月11日，约翰·加德纳（John Gardner）因病逝世。加德纳教授，牛津大学哲学博士（师从拉兹教授），前牛津大学法理学讲席教授（2000~2016，前任教授：哈特、德沃金，继任者：张美露），后为牛津大学万灵学院（All Souls College）高级研究人员（2016-2019）。在此之前，加德纳教授曾在哥伦比亚大学、普林斯顿大学等担任访问职位。他同时为众多国际法律期刊的编委会成员：The Oxford Journal of Legal Studies, Ethics, Law and Philosophy, and The Journal of Moral Philosophy。加德纳教授的主要研究领域为法哲学（包括私法、刑法、公法和法律一般理论）、以及道德哲学和政治哲学。
为表达对加德纳教授的怀念，本期将简述其主要学术著作的内容。由于教授逝世年仅54岁，其法律思想多见于论文、文集和少量著作之中，故本介绍较为简练，希望他的真知灼见能够惠及更多法理同仁。随后我们将陆续推送加德纳教授具有代表性的文章译文和相关学界评论。
Chairing a workshop session with Alon Harel and Yossi Nehushtan, Oxford 2006
主要学术著作
Torts and Other Wrongs, Forthcoming from Oxford University Press in late 2019
本书是加德纳教授的最后一部著作，将由牛津大学出版社于2019年底出版。同名论文曾于2012年刊登：John Gardner, 'Torts and Other Wrongs' (2012) 39 Florida State University Law Review 43.
From Personal Life to Private Law, Oxford: Oxford University Press 2018
加德纳认为，尽管法律错综复杂，但长期困扰法院的诸多问题实际上都是关于人类状况的永恒难题，侵权法与合同法的框架远比想象中更紧密贴近个人生活状况（the contours of personal life）。在本书中，加德纳采用文学、生活和法律中的广泛事例，探讨了我们与自己的过去、未来以及他人关系的重大问题：什么是朋友？为什么你的行为结果是重要的？为什么你会为错误感到后悔？如何赔偿不可逆转的损失？为什么坚持已有的生活？这些问题与那些涉及汽车损坏、假期破坏、屋顶漏水等旷日持久的法律纠纷有什么关系？
目录
Introduction
1. Something Came Between Us
2. That's the Story of My Life
3. It's Not About the Money
4. Say It With Flowers
5. The Way Things Used To Be
6. That Was Then and This Is Now
Kelsen Revisited: New Essays on the Pure Theory of Law, co-edited with Luís Duarte d'Almeida and Leslie Green
Oxford: Hart Publishing 2013
本文集以凯尔森的纯粹法理论（Pure Theory of Law）为启发，旨在推进当代法学理论中几个核心问题的讨论。第一部分的文章论述了法效力、法律规范性以及凯尔森对“基础规范（basic norm）”的主张。第二部分则涉及法律的社会现实和官员实践所引起的难题。第三部分侧重于法律体系的概念特征和法律规范的逻辑结构，所有论文均来自七个国家的知名学者撰写。
目录
1 Introduction Luis Duarte d'Almeida, John Gardner and Leslie Green
I. LEGAL VALIDITY AND THE BASIC NORM
2 Norm-claims, Validity and Self-reference Bert van Roermund
3 The Great Puzzle: Kelsen's Basic Norm Stanley L Paulson
4 The Basic Norm Revisited Riccardo Guastini
II. LAW'S EMPIRICAL EXISTENCE
5 The Efficacy of Constitutional Norms Pablo E Navarro
6 The Realist Hans Kelsen Uta Bindreiter
7 Wiener Realism Pierluigi Chiassoni
8 Kelsen and Hagerstrom: Clearing Up Misunderstandings and Mapping Out the Common Ground Jes Bjarup
9 A 'Realistic' Theory of Law and the Pure Theory of Law: Remarks on Alf Ross's On Law and Justice Hans Kelsen
III. LEGAL NORMS AND LEGAL SCIENCE
10 Kelsen on the Completeness and Consistency of Law Eugenio Bulygin
11 The Alternative Character of the Legal Norm: Kelsen as a Defeasibilist? Richard HS Tur
12 In Canonical Form: Kelsen's Doctrine of the 'Complete' Legal Norm Luis Duarte d'Almeida
Law as a Leap of Faith: Essays on Law in General, Oxford University Press 2012
本书集中呈现了加德纳的法律理论思想，他收集、整理和补充了过去十五年关于法律和法律体系一般问题的论述，涵盖了一系列重要问题：我们对法律实证主义存在哪些误解？是否存在法律规则？法律如何被组织成为法律体系等。其讨论（agenda）主要来自于哈特（H.L.A.Hart）的《法律的概念》，呈现了其中的关键思想如何继续、如何以温和的方式改进以应对重要批评。同时，书中也讨论了凯尔森、拉兹和德沃金等当代法哲学家的核心思想。
目录
Introduction
1. Law as a Leap of Faith
2. Legal Positivism: 5 1/2 Myths
3. Some Types of Law
4. Can There be a Written Constitution?
5. How Law Claims, What Law Claims
6. Nearly Natural Law
7. The Legality of Law
8. On the Supposed Formality of the Rule of Law
9. The Virtue of Justice, the Character of Law
10. Law in General
H.L.A. Hart, Punishment and Responsibility: Essays in the Philosophy of Law, second edition with an introduction by John Gardner
Oxford: Oxford University Press 2008
哈特教授的《惩罚与责任》初版于1968年，本书为第二版，加德纳为其添加新导论，批判性地呈现了原书的主要观点，并指出尽管学术和政策领域面临报应论的复兴，但其思想依然持续影响当代刑法理论。
目录
Introduction, John Gardner
1. Prolegomenon to the Principles of Punishment
2. Legal Responsibility and Excuses
3. Murder and the Principles of Punishment: England and the United States
4. Acts of Will and Responsibility
5. Intention and Punishment
6. Negligence, Mens Rea, and Criminal Responsibility
7. Punishment and the Elimination of Responsibility
8. Changing Conceptions of Responsibility
9. Postscript: Responsibility and Retribution
Offences and Defences：Selected Essays in the Philosophy of Criminal Law, Oxford: Oxford University Press 2007
本文集收录了加德纳被广泛阅读和引用的刑法主题文章。有关刑法理论的著作通常围绕刑罚正当性展开，但本书有所不同：尽管加德纳讨论了刑罚合法性，但除此之外，刑法还关注其他重要问题，尤其是刑法为人们自我解释（explain themselves）提供了一个重要平台。在加德纳看来，即使废除刑罚，这一平台依然是重要的。此外，加德纳讨论了刑法哲学中长期以来的难题：强奸何以为恶？刑事责任的条件是什么，其与道德责任的条件有何关系？同时也涉及超越法律重要性的诸多问题：成为负责任的行为人意味着什么？合理与理性（being reasonable and rational）之间区别何在？
目录
Preface
1. The Wrongness of Rape
2. Rationality and the Rule of Law in Offences against the Person
3. Complicity and Causality
4. In Defence of Defences
5. Justifications and Reasons
6. The Gist of Excuses
7. Fletcher on Offences and Defences
8. Provocation and Pluralism
9. The Mark of Responsibility
10. The Functions and Justifications of Criminal Law and Punishment
11. Crime: in Proportion and in Perspective
12. Reply to Critics
Index
Relating to Responsibility: Essays in Honour of Tony Honoré on his 80th Birthday, co-edited with Peter Cane
Oxford: Hart Publishing 2001
本文集由世界著名的八位法律理论家与哲学家所撰写，最初是在（堪培拉和纽约举行的）研讨会上所提交的论文，专门介绍著名的法律思想家托尼·奥诺里（Tony Honoré）的思想。讨论的核心是围绕教授最近的著作《责任与错误》（Responsibility and Fault (1999)）展开，涉及的问题有决定论与运气、因果关系、严格责任的道德等。奥诺里教授的书与本文集，共同探讨了道德与法律责任关系的基本问题，并探索行动哲学与心灵哲学（the philosophy of action and of mind）对法律的贡献。
目录
1. Responsibility and self-control
Michael Smith
2. The capacity to have done otherwise: an agent-centred view
Philip Pettit
3.Private law and private narratives
Arthur Ripstein
4. Honoré on responsibility for outcomes
Stephen R. Perry
5. Responsibility and fault: a relational and functional approach to responsibility
Peter Cane
6. Obligations and outcomes in the law of torts
John Gardner
7. Unpacking “causation”
Jane Stapleton
8. Private law: between visionaries and bricoleurs
William Lucy
9. Appreciations and responses
Tony Honoré
Reviews
Action and Value in Criminal Law, co-edited with Stephen Shute and Jeremy Horder
Oxford: Clarendon Press 1993
本文集是由英国、美国和加拿大的主要学者就刑法理论的相关问题所展开的讨论，论题涵盖了道德运气、不法性、罪责和正当性等核心问题，旨在重新定位（reorientate）刑法研究的方向。
目录
Introduction: The Logic of Criminal Law, Stephen Shute, John Gardner, and Jeremy Horder
1. Agency and Welfare in the Penal Law, Alan Brudner
2. Acting, Trying, and Criminal Liability, R.A. Duff
3. On What's Intentionally Done, Jennifer Hornsby
4. Taking the Consequences, Andrew Ashworth
5. Foreseeing Harm Opaquely, Michael S. Moore
6. Culpability and Mistake of Law, Douglas Husak and Andrew von Hirsch
7. The Nature of Justification, George P. Fletcher
8. Should the Criminal Law Abandon the Actus Reus/Mens Rea Distinction?, Paul H. Robinson
9. Subjectivism and Objectivism: Towards Synthesis, Richard H.S. Tur
10. Diminished Capacity, Stephen J. Morse
11. Value, Action, Mental Illness, and the Law, K.W.M. Fulford
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